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Selected References:

  • Alder SP and Nigro G. 2013. Prevention of maternal-fetal transmission of cytomegalovirus. Clinical Infectious Diseases 57(S4):S189-S192.
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2015. Practice bulletin no. 151: Cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19, varicella zoster, and toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 125(6):1510-25.
  • Azam A, et al. 2001. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Obstet Gynecol 97:443-448.
  • Barlinn R, et al. 2022. Maternal cytomegalovirus infection and delayed language development in children at 3 years of age–a nested case-control study in a large population-based pregnancy cohort. PLoS ONE 17(12):e0278623.
  • Boppana SB et al. 2013. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: clinical outcome. Clinical Infectious Diseases 57(S4):S178-181.
  • Carlson A, et al. 2010. Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: Should all women be screened? Reviews in OB & GYN; 3(4):172-179.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2016. Handwashing. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/when-how-handwashing.html.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2018. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Congenital CMV Infection. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/cmv/clinical/features.html.
  • Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2020. About cytomegalovirus and congenital CMV infection.
  • Chatzakis C, et al. 2020. Timing of primary maternal cytomegalovirus infection and rates of vertical transmission and fetal consequences. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 223(6):870-883.e11.
  • Chiopris G, et al. 2020. Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Update on Diagnosis and Treatment. Microorganisms Oct 1;8(10):1516.
  • Cito G, et al. 2020. Can cytomegalovirus infection affect male reproductive function? Results of a retrospective single-centre analysis. Andrologia; 52(9):e13699.
  • Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2003. Cytomegalovirus in pregnancy: primary versus secondary infection: a prospective cohort study on 208 pregnancies. Birth Defects Res Part A Clin Mol Teratol;67:392.
  • Demmler-Harrison GJ, Miller JA. 2020. Houston Congenital Cytomegalovirus Longitudinal Study Group. Maternal cytomegalovirus immune status and hearing loss outcomes in congenital cytomegalovirus-infected offspring. PLoS One.15(10):e0240172.
  • Enders G, et al. 2001. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in 189 pregnancies with known outcome. Prenat Diag 21: 362-377.
  • Grazia Revello M, et al. 2014. A randomized trial of hyperimmune globulin to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus. NEJM; 370:14: 1316-26.
  • Farsimadan M, Motamedifar , 2021. The effects of human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus-1 and -2, human herpesvirus-6 and -8, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis B and C virus on female fertility and pregnancy. Br J Biomed Sci;78(1):1-11.
  • Feldman DM, et al. 2010. Toxoplasmosis, parvovirus and cytomegalovirus in pregnancy. Clin Lab Med 30(3):709-720.
  • Foulon I, et al. 2008. Hearing loss in children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection in relation to maternal trimester in which the maternal primary infection occurred. Pediatrics 122(6):e1123-e1127.
  • Fowler KB, et al. 2003. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Curr Probl Pediatr Adoles Health Care 33:70-93.
  • Fowler KB. 2013. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: audiologic outcome. Clinical Infectious Diseases 57(S4):S182-S184.
  • Harnprecht K, et al. 2001. Epidemiology of transmission of cytomegalovirus from mother to preterm infant by breastfeeding. Lancet 357:513-8.
  • Hughes BL, et al. 2021. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal–Fetal Medicine Units Network. A Trial of Hyperimmune Globulin to Prevent Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. N Engl J Med. 385(5):436-444.
  • Iwasenko JM, et al. 2011. Human cytomegalovirus infection is detected frequently in stillbirths and is associated with fetal thrombotic vasculopathy. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 203(11):1526-1533.
  • James SH, Kimberlin DW. 2016. Advances in the prevention and treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Curr Opin Pediatr. 28(1):81-5.
  • Kagan KO, et al. 2021. Outcome of pregnancies with recent primary cytomegalovirus infection in first trimester treated with hyperimmunoglobulin: observational study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 57(4):560-567.
  • Leruez-Ville M, et al. 2020. Quantifying the Burden of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection With Long-term Sequelae in Subsequent Pregnancies of Women Seronegative at Their First Pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis. 71(7):1598-1603.
  • Lipitz S, et al. 2002. Outcome of pregnancies with vertical transmission of primary cytomegalovirus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol: 100:428-33.
  • Mestas E. 2016. Congenital cytomegalovirus. Adv Neonatal Care. 16(1):60-5.
  • National CMV Foundation. 2023. For healthcare providers. Physician and OB-GYN Resources, National CMV Foundation, National CMV Foundation.
  • National CMV Foundation. 2023. Possible outcomes. Congenital CMV Outcomes, National CMV Foundation, National CMV Foundation.
  • Nigro G, et al. 2005. Passive immunization during pregnancy for congenital cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med 353:1350-1362.
  • Nigro G. 2017. Hyperimmune globulin in pregnancy for the prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 15(11):977-986.
  • Nigro G and Alder SP. 2013. Hyerimmuneglobulin for prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus disease. Clinical Infectious Diseases 57(S4):S193-S195.
  • Ornoy A and Diav-Citrin O. 2006. Fetal effects of primary and secondary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 21:399-409.
  • Oliveira GM, et al. 2019. Detection of cytomegalovirus, herpes virus simplex, and parvovirus b19 in spontaneous abortion placentas. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.32(5):768-775.
  • Page JM, et al. 2019. Stillbirth Associated With Infection in a Diverse U.S. Cohort. Obstet Gynecol 134(6):1187-1196.
  • Pereira L, et al. 2014. Intrauterine growth restriction causes by underlying congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Infect Disease 209: 1573-1584.
  • Pesch MH, et al. 2021. Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy: Prevention, Presentation, Management and Neonatal Outcomes. J Midwifery Womens Health. 66(3):397-402.
  • Picone O, et al. 2013. A series of 238 cytomegalovirus primary infections during pregnancy: description and outcomes. Prenatal Diag 33: 751-758.
  • El-Qushayri AE, et al 2020. Hyperimmunoglobulin therapy for the prevention and treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. Nov 30;1-9.
  • Saade GR The effect of treatment of maternal CMV infection on the development of placental syndrome. AJOG 222(1) Supp:S2-3.
  • Simonazzi G, et al. 2018. Perinatal outcomes of non-primary maternal cytomegalovirus infection: A 15-year experience. Fetal Diagn Ther. 43(2):138-142.
  • Williams EJ, et al. 2013. Viral infections: contributions to late fetal death, stillbirth, and infant death. J Pediatr 163(2): 424-428.
  • Yinon T et al. 2010. Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 32(4):348-354.

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