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Lamotrigine (Lamictal®)

Selected References:

  • Almgren M, et al. 2009. Population-based study of antiepileptic drug exposure in utero–influence on head circumference in newborns. Seizure. 18(10):672-5.
  • Arfman IJ, et al. 2020. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiepileptic Drugs in Women with Epilepsy Before, During, and After Pregnancy. Clin Pharmacokinet. 59(4):427-445.
  • Asranna A, et al. 2018. Do Anti-Epileptic Drug modifications after first trimester of pregnancy influence fetal malformation or cognitive outcome?. Epilepsy research. 146: 121-25.
  • Ban L, et al. Congenital anomalies in children of mothers taking antiepileptic drugs with and without periconceptional high dose folic acid use: a population-based cohort study. PLoS One. 10: e0131130.
  • Bech, LF, et al. 2018. In utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs is associated with learning disabilities among offspring. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 89(12): 1324-31.
  • Birnbaum AK, et al.   Antiepileptic drug exposure in infants of breastfeeding mothers with epilepsy. JAMA neurology. 77(4): 441-50.
  • Blotière PO, et al.   Risks of 23 specific malformations associated with prenatal exposure to 10 antiepileptic drugs. Neurology. 93(2): e167-80.
  • Borthen I. 2015. Obstetrical complications in women with epilepsy. Seizure. 28: 32-34.
  • Bromley RL, et al. 2013. The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in children prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 84(6): 637-43.
  • Bromley RL, et al. 2018. Fetal antiepileptic drug exposure and cognitive outcomes. Seizure. 44:225–31.
  • Clark CT, Wisner KL. 2018. Treatment of Peripartum Bipolar Disorder. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 45(3):403-17.
  • Cohen‐Israel M, et al.   Short‐and long‐term complications of in utero exposure to lamotrigine. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 84(1): 189-94.
  • Cummings C, et al.   Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to lamotrigine, sodium valproate and carbamazepine. Archives of disease in childhood, 96(7): 643-47.
  • Deshmukh U, et al.   Behavioral outcomes in children exposed prenatally to lamotrigine, valproate, or carbamazepine. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 54:5–14.
  • Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2017. Is it safe to use lamotrigine during pregnancy? A propective comparative observational study. Birth Defects Res. 109:1196-1203.
  • Dolk H, et al. 2008. Does lamotrigine use in pregnancy increase orofacial cleft risk relative to other malformations? Neurology; 71:714-722.
  • Dolk H, et al. 2016. Lamotrigine use in pregnancy and risk of orofacial cleft and other congenital anomalies. Neurology; 86(18):1716-25.
  • Gerard EE, et al.   An update on maternal use of antiepileptic medications in pregnancy and neurodevelopment outcomes. Journal of Pediatric Genetics. 4(2): 94-110.
  • Gómez-Ramiro M, et al.   Adverse outcomes during pregnancy and major congenital malformations in infants of patients with bipolar and schizoaffective disorders treated with antiepileptic drugs: A systematic review. Psychiatr. Pol. 53(2): 223-44.
  • Harden CL, et al. 2009. Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy—focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): vitamin K, folic acid, blood levels, and breastfeeding: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society. Neurology. 73:142–9.
  • Hernandez-Diaz S, et al. 2017. Fetal growth and premature delivery in pregnant women on antiepileptic drugs. Ann Neurol. 82(3):457-65.
  • Herzog AG, 2008. Disorders of reproduction in patients with epilepsy: primary neurological mechanisms. Seizure. 17(2): 101-10.
  • Holmes LB, et al. 2011. Fetal effects of anticonvulsant polytherapies. Arch Neurol; 68(10):1275-1281.
  • Husebye ES, et al. 2018. Verbal abilities in children of mothers with epilepsy: association to maternal folate status. Neurology. 91: e811-21.
  • Jazayeri D, et al. Outcomes of pregnancies in women taking antiepileptic drugs for non-epilepsy indications. Seizure. 56: 111-14.
  • Kacirova I, et al.   A Short Communication: Lamotrigine Levels in Milk, Mothers, and Breastfed Infants During the First Postnatal Month. Therapeutic drug monitoring. 41(3): 401-4.
  • Khan SJ, et al. 2016. Bipolar Disorder in Pregnancy and Postpartum: Principles of Management. Curr Psychiatry Rep; 18(2):13.
  • Kuczynska J, et al.   Comparison of plasma, saliva, and hair lamotrigine concentrations. Clinical Biochemistry. 74: 24-30.
  • MacEachern DB, et al.   Infertility, impaired fecundity, and live birth/pregnancy ratio in women with epilepsy in the USA: Findings of the Epilepsy Birth Control Registry. Epilepsia, 60(9): 1993-98.
  • McVearry KM, et al. 2009. A prospective study of cognitive fluency and originality in children exposed in utero to carbamazepine, lamotrigine, or valproate monotherapy. Epilepsy Behav. 16(4):609-16.
  • Meador K, et al. 2011. Foetal antiepileptic drug exposure and verbal versus non-verbal abilities at three years of age. Brain; 134:396-404.
  • Meador KJ, et al, Neurodevelopmental Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (NEAD) Study Group. 2014. Breastfeeding in children of women taking antiepileptic drugs: cognitive outcomes at age 6 years. JAMA Pediatr; 168(8):729-36.
  • Montouris G, et al. 2005. Reproductive and sexual dysfunction in men with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 7: 7-14.
  • Mostacci B, et al. 2018. Emilia-Romagna study on pregnancy and exposure to antiepileptic drugs (ESPEA): a population-based study on prescription patterns, pregnancy outcomes and fetal health. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 89:983–88.
  • Neural tube defects. Practice Bulletin No. 187. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol. 2017. 130:e279–90.
  • Newport DJ, et al. 2008. Lamotrigine in breast milk and nursing infants: determination of exposure. Pediatrics; 122(1):e223-31.
  • Nordmo E, et al. 2009. Severe apnea in an infant exposed to lamotrigine in breast milk. Ann Pharmacother;43:1893-7.
  • Ohman I, et al. 2000. Lamotrigine in pregnancy: pharmacokinetics during delivery, in the neonate, and during lactation. Epilepsia; 41:709-13.
  • Pariente G, et al. 2017. Pregnancy Outcomes Following In Utero Exposure to Lamotrigine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CNS Drugs. (6):439-450.
  • Paulzen M, et al. 2015. Lamotrigine in pregnancy – therapeutic drug monitoring in maternal blood, amniotic fluid, and cord blood. Int Clin Psychopharmacol; 30(5):249-54.
  • Prakash C, et al. 2016. Maternal and Fetal Outcomes After Lamotrigine Use in Pregnancy: A Retrospective Analysis from an Urban Maternal Mental Health Centre in New Zealand. Psychopharmacol Bull; 46(2):63-9.
  • Razaz N, et al.   Association between pregnancy and perinatal outcomes among women with epilepsy. JAMA Neurology. 74(8): 983-91.
  • Richards N, et al.   Developmental outcomes at age four following maternal antiepileptic drug use. Epilepsy & Behavior. 93: 73-9.
  • Rihtman T, et al. 2013. Developmental outcomes at preschool age after fetal exposure to valproic acid and lamotrigine: Cognitive, motor, sensory and behavioral function. Reprod Toxicol. 41:115–25.
  • Semet M, et al. 2017. The impact of drugs on male fertility: a review. Andrology. 5(4): 640-63.
  • Thomas SV, et al.   Malformation risk of antiepileptic drug exposure during pregnancy in women with epilepsy: results from a pregnancy registry in South India. Epilepsia. 58:274–81.
  • Tomson T, et al. 2011. Dose-dependent risk of malformations with antiepileptic drugs: an analysis of data from the EURAP epilepsy and pregnancy registry. Lancet Neurol; 10(7):609-17.
  • Tomson T, et al. 2018. Comparative risk of major congenital malformations with eight different antiepileptic drugs: a prospective cohort study of the EURAP registry. Lancet neurol. 17(6):530-8.
  • Tomson T, et al. Declining malformation rates with changed antiepileptic drug prescribing: an observational study. Neurology. 93(9): e831-40.
  • Vajda FJ, et al. 2013. Lamotrigine in epilepsy, pregnancy and psychiatry–a drug for all seasons? Journal of clinical neuroscience. 20(1): 13-16.
  • Vajda FJ, et al. Antiepileptic drugs and foetal malformation: analysis of 20 years of data in a pregnancy register. Seizure. 65:6-11.
  • Veiby G, et al. 2013. Early child development and exposure to antiepileptic drugs prenatally and through breastfeeding: A prospective cohort study on children of women with epilepsy. JAMA Neurol; 70:1367-74.
  • Veiby G, et al. 2015. Epilepsy and recommendations for breastfeeding. Seizure; 28:57-65.
  • Velez-Ruiz NJ, et al.   Neurodevelopmental effects of fetal antiepileptic drug exposure. Drug safety. 38(3): 271-78.
  • Veroniki AA, et al. 2017. Comparative safety of anti-epileptic drugs during pregnancy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of congenital malformations and prenatal outcomes. BMC medicine. 15(1):95.
  • Wakil L, et al. 2009. Neonatal outcomes with the use of lamotrigine for bipolar disorder in pregnancy and breastfeeding: a case series and review of the literature. Psychopharmacol Bull; 42:91-8.

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