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Methylphenidate (Ritalin®)

Selected References:

  • Baker AS, et al. 2018. Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder During Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 45(3):495-509. doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2018.04.010. PMID: 30092924
  • Bateman B et. al. 2015, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Medications during Pregnancy and the Risk of Congenital Cardiac Malformations: A Cohort Study, Abstracts, 368. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 24, 1–587. doi: 10.1002/pds.3838.
  • Besag, F. (2014). ADHD treatment and pregnancy. Drug Saf, 37:397-408.
  • Bolea-Alamanac B et. al. 2013. Methylphenidate use in pregnancy and lactation: a systematic review of evidence. Br J of Clin Pharm, 77(1):96-101.
  • Briggs, G et. al. 2017. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. Tenth edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health.
  • Bro SP et. al. 2015. Adverse pregnancy outcomes after exposure to methylphenidate or atomoxetine during pregnancy. Clinical Epi, 7:139-147.
  • Diav-Citrin O et. al. 2016. Methylphenidate in Pregnancy: A Multicenter, Prospective, Comparative, Observational Study. J Clin Psychiatry, 77(9):1176-81.
  • Dideriksen D et. al. 2013. First trimester in utero exposure to methylphenidate. Basic and Clin Pharm and Tox, 112:73-76.
  • Golub M, et al. 2005. NTP CERHR Expert Panel Report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of amphetamine and methamphetamine. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol, 74(6):471-584.
  • Haervig KB et. al. 2014. Use of ADHD medication during pregnancy from 1999-2010: a Danish register-based study. Pharmacoepidemiol and Drug Saf, 23:526-533.
  • Humphreys C et. al. 2007. Exposure to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician, 53:1153-55.
  • Huybrechts KF, et al. 2018. Association Between Methylphenidate and Amphetamine Use in Pregnancy and Risk of Congenital Malformations: A Cohort Study From the International Pregnancy Safety Study Consortium. JAMA Psychiatry. 75(2):167-175. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3644.
  • Ilett, KF et. al. 2006. Transfer of dexamphetamine into breast milk during treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J of Clin Pharm, 63(3):371-75.
  • Kallen B et. al. 2013. The Use of Central Nervous System Active Drugs During Pregnancy. Pharmaceuticals, 6:1221-1286.
  • Louik C et. al. 2015. Increasing use of ADHD medications in pregnancy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 24(2):218-220.
  • Malo J et. al. 2015. ADHD drugs, pregnancy and lactation—increasing inquiries and need for more safety data. Birth Def Res Pt A, 103:458-464.
  • Ornoy A, et al. 2020. The effects of drugs used for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on pregnancy outcome and breast feeding: a critical review Affiliations expand. Curr Neuropharmacol. Nov 27. Online ahead of print. PMID: 33245274 DOI: 10.2174/1570159X18666201127164000
  • Pottegard A et. al. 2014. First-trimester exposure to methylphenidate: a population-based cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry, 75(1):e88-93.
  • Spigset O et. al. 2007. Excretion of methylphenidate in breast milk. Am J Psychiatry. 164:348.
  • Wajnberg, R et. al. 2011. Pregnancy outcome after in-utero exposure to methylphenidate: A prospective comparative cohort study. Repro Tox, 31:255-68.

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