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Metronidazole (Flagyl®)

Selected References

  • Burtin P, et al. 1995. Safety of metronidazole in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172(21):525-529.
  • Cantu JM & Garcia-Cruz D. 1982. Midline facial defect as a teratogenic effect of metronidazole. Birth Defects 18:85-88.
  • Caro-Paton T, et al. 1997. Is metronidazole teratogenic? A meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 44:(2)179-182.
  • Cram LF, et al. 2015. Genitourinary infections and their association with preterm labor. American Family Physician; 65(2), 241–249.
  • Czeizel AE & Rockenbauer M. 1998. A population-based case-control teratologic study of oral metronidazole. Br J Obstet Gynecol; 105(3):322-327.
  • Finegold SM. 1980. Metronidazole. Ann Intern Med 93:585-587.
  • Gilbert NM, et al. 2013. Urinary tract infection as a preventable cause of pregnancy complications: Opportunities, challenges, and a global call to action. Global Advances in Health and Medicine; 2(5), 59–69.
  • Gray MS, et al. 1961. Further observations on metronidazole (Flagyl). Br J Vener Dis; 37:278-9.
  • Heisterberg L, Branebjerg PE. 1983. Blood and milk concentrations of metronidazole in mothers and infants. J Perinat Med; 11:114-20.
  • Kazy Z, et al. 2005. Teratogenic potential of vaginal metronidazole treatment during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 123(2):174-178.
  • Koss CA, et al. 2012. Investigation of Metronidazole Use during Pregnancy and Adverse Birth Outcomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56(9): 4800–4805.
  • Löfmark S, et al. 2010. Metronidazole is still the drug of choice for treatment of anaerobic infections. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 50(S1), S16–S23.
  • Muanda FT, et al. 2017. Use of antibiotics during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion. CMAJ. 189(17):E625-E633.
  • Nwosu OC, Bloom K. The safety of metronidazole in pregnancy. Health Care Women Int. 2021;42(4-6):726-738.
  • Passmore CM, et al. 1988. Metronidazole excretion in human breastmilk and it’s effect on suckling neonates. British J Clin Pharmacol 26(1):45-51.
  • Piper JM, et al. 1993. Prenatal use of metronidazole and birth defects: no association. Obstet Gynecol 82(3):348-352.
  • Rosa FW, et al. 1987. Pregnancy outcomes after first trimester vaginitis drug therapy. Obstet Gynecol 69:751-755.
  • Sheehy O, et al. 2015. The use of metronidazole during pregnancy: a review of evidence. Curr Drug Saf. 10(2):170-9.
  • Workowski KA, Bolan GA. 2015. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep; 64:1-137.

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