Naproxen (Aleve®)

Selected References:

• Alano MA et al. 2001. Analysis of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Meconium and its Relation to Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn. Pediatrics, 107, 519-523.
• Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (n.d.). NSAIDs may cause rare kidney problems in unborn babies. Retrieved October 16, 2020, from https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-recommends-avoiding-use-nsaids-pregnancy-20-weeks-or-later-because-they-can-result-low-amniotic *
• Ericson A & Kallen BA. 2001. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in early pregnancy. Reproductive Toxicology, 15, 371-375.
• Esposito DB, et al. 2021. Periconceptional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, folic acid intake, and the risk of spina bifida. Birth Defects Res;113(17):1257-1266. PMID: 34346174 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1944
• Hernandez RK, et al. 2011. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use among women and the risk of birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Dec 1.
• Hultzsch S, et al. 2021. First trimester naproxen exposure and outcome of pregnancy – A German case series. Reprod Toxicol;103:51-57. PMID: 34015472 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.05.006
• Ito S et al. 1993. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breast-fed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 168:1393-9.
• Janssen NM & Genta MS. 2000. The Effects of immunosuppressive and Anti-inflammatory Medications on Fertility, Pregnancy, and Lactation. Arch Intern Med., 160, 610-619.
• Kallen BA. 2003. Maternal drug use and infant cleft lip/palate with special reference to corticoids. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 40(6):624-628.
• Kallen BA & Otterblad Olausson P. 2003. Maternal drug use in early pregnancy and infant cardiovascular defect. Reprod Toxicol 17:255-61.
• Koren G et al. 2006. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs During Third Trimester and the Risk of Premature Closure of the Ductus Arteriosus: A Meta-Analysis. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 40, 824-829.
• Malm H & Borish C. 2015. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antirheumatic drugs. In C Schaefer, P Peters, R Miller (Eds.), Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation: Treatment Options and Risk Assessment, 3^rd pg 41-45. London: Elsevier.
• Markovic M et al. 2019. Prenatal exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 28(4):452-459.
• McInerney KA et al. 2017. Preconception use of pain-relievers and time-to-pregnancy: a prospective cohort study. Hum Reprod. 32(1):103-111.
• Nakhai-Pour HR et al. 2011. Use of nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion. CMAJ. 183(15):1713-20.
• Nielsen GL et al. 2001. Risk of adverse birth outcome and miscarriage in pregnant users of non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs: population based observational study and case control study. BMJ 322(7281):266-270.
• Li D et al. 2003. Exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: population based cohort study. BMJ, 327, 1-5.
• Li DK, et al. 2018. Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. Am J Obstet Gynecol. pii: S0002-9378(18)30489-7.
• Ofori B et al. 2006. Risk of congenital anomalies in pregnant users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a nested case-control study. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 77:268-79.
• Ostensen M & Ostensen H. 1996. Safety of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in pregnant patients with rheumatic disease. J Rheumatol 23:1045 1049.
• Spencer JP et al. 2001. Medications in the Breast-feeding Mother. Am Fam Physician. Jul 64(1):119-127.
• Tanaka S et al. 2016. Prediction of fetal ductus arteriosus constriction by systemic and local dermatological formulations of NSAIDs based on PK/PD analysis. In J Clin Pharmacol Ther. Oct; 54(10);782-94.